Process flow and description of water softening 

The sodium ion exchange is used to soften water mainly for water hardness removal. The hardness of water is mainly constituted by calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions. When the raw water containing hardness ions passes through the resin layer, the Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the water will be exchanged and adsorbed by the resin with equimolar release of sodium ions (Na+) at the same time. The water discharged from the water softener is softened water with hardness ions removed.